How many grams are in 1 tablet? milligrams in 1 grain, to give us the final answer in grains. Drug dosing by IBW is used for medications that are poorly absorbed and distributed throughout body fat, such as IV gentamicin and IV acyclovir.3 The most commonly used IBW calculation, the Devine Formula, is based on height; also, separate formulas exist for men and women (listed below).5 It is important for the correct IBW formula to be chosen for each patient because under- or overdosing of a medication may occur should the wrong equation be used. Conversions will be used on a daily basis regardless of whatever pharmacy environment you work in. However, this is the total dose to be given over the course of 24 hours. These calculations should always be checked and/or verified by another individual. The Celsius scale is based on the freezing and boiling points of water, which are denoted as 0C and 100C. Step 1: First, determine MB's height in inches and count the number of inches beyond 5 feet. Prescription decoding. You'll want to study all of the different pharmacy conversions to prepare for the PTCB or ExCPT exams. Accessed July 2019. Be first to know about the latest update and access free materials only Table 2-5 provides conversions between metric quantities and household measurements. The primary goal of the profession of pharmacy is to improve public health through ensuring the safe and effective use of medications.1 The pursuit of this goal requires pharmacists and pharmacy technicians to achieve and maintain a wide range of knowledge and skills. Therefore, 300 mL of a 0.4% stock solution is required to compound the liquid. When youre asked to convert a number to a percent in this form, all you have to do is divide 100 by the specified percent. Since we know that 120 mg can be measured, the calculation will be performed using 120 mg of clonidine. The unknown variable which needs to be determined is Q1. you need to do is learn them. Though subtracting the desired strength from the weakest component will result in a negative number, the number should be reported as positive to correctly perform this calculation. In pharmacology, the international unit ( IU) is a unit of measurement for the effect, not mass, of a substance; the variance is based on the biological activity or effect, for the purpose of easier comparison across similar forms of substances. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window), on Pharmacy Calculations, Abbreviations, and Terminology, Processing Prescriptions and Medication Orders, Special Considerations: Drug Formularies, Storage, Recalls, Shortages, and Diversion, Role of the Pharmacy Technician in Patient-Care Services, Complete Review for the Pharmacy Technician 3e, Metric Measures: Prefixes and Units of Weight, Length, and Volume, Avoirdupois Units of Weight, Length, and Volume. Step 1: For this calculation, simply multiply the rate by the amount of time, making sure that the units cancel to leave you with volume. Importantly, in order to use this method, the desired strength (Box C) of the final product must be somewhere in between the two components that are being used (i.e., Box A and Box B).2,3,6 In other words, the concentration of the end product cannot be stronger than Box A or weaker than Box B. How many liters of a 1:2 alcohol solution contain 4 L of alcohol? Remember, ratios can also be set up as fractional equations. 1 mL. Other basics like fractions, decimals, percentages, and algebra can all be found at Pass the Math Review. (37.5 45)(500 mL) = 416.7 mL of dextrose 5%. Council on Credentialing in Pharmacy. One tablespoon is the same as 15 milliliters. } You have macrodrip tubing with a drop factor of 15 gtt/mL. The new percent strength can also be found using the ratio-proportion method. Unit conversions is just one of the math basics of which you will need a solid grasp. You should be aware that 2.2 lbs equal 1 kilogram. However, before new information is presented, a brief review of the dimensional analysis and ratio-proportion methods of calculation are presented. How many grams of a 1% hydrocortisone cream contain 0.5 g of hydrocortisone? Step 4: Calculate the one-time dose of gentamicin, based on JR's ABW of 93 kg. 29. 125 mg : 5 mL = 95 mg : X (multiply the means and extremities and solve for X), (5) (95) = (125)(X) 475 = 125 X 475 125 = X X = 3.8 mL, Therefore, the patient should be instructed to take 3.8 mL twice daily for a total of 7 days. Hint: For the first part of this problem, the proportion would be . Rates may be presented as mL per minute or drops (gtts) per minute. 27. The most common conversions used in pharmacy practice are included in this guide. Finally, even the best-prepared people are fooled by these kinds of questions, which appear to be simple but are actually rather difficult! The parts must be converted into a measurable amount based on the total volume required. In pharmaceutical practice, being able to accurately calculate and measure weight, length, and volume is a must-have ability. When you first hear these, you may be confused, and they arent the best way to show a drugs strength. But because this is the most common kind of solution, it is often understood that the percentage is w/v if nothing indicates otherwise. Assuming the MWQ for the balance available is 120 mg, 30 mg is not a measurable quantity. 188 cm 1 in = 74 inches Remember that 1 lb = 454 gm. This can also be expressed as the number of 50% dextrose parts (7.5) divided by the number of total parts (45) then multiplied by the desired volume (500 mL), which provides the amount of 50% dextrose that is needed for the compound. 5. The pharmacy has cefdinir 125mg/5ml available to dispense. need to commit to memory: All The lyrics may remind people to go 4 decimals to the left to the left for percent on the left and 4 decimals to the right to the right for PPM on the right. Lets find out more about the average salary of pharmacists to have more motivation to study and work. Therefore, the ratio strength is expressed as 1:25. This process will be described in more detail in Chapters 9 and 10. This problem can be solved using a variety of methods, including setting up a fractional equation, ratio-proportion, and DA. These various units and systems give us a good chance to try using ratio and proportion to solve simple problems. Common numerals in pharmacy calculations are Arabic numerals (e.g., 0, 1, 2) and Roman numerals (e.g., ss, I, V, X). In pharmaceutical practice, being able to accurately calculate and measure weight, length, and volume is a must-have ability. Lets use the conversions to calculate drug dosages. Step 1: Based on the information provided in the above order, use the inches and pounds method for calculating BSA. Drop = gtt Step 1: Convert the volume of the liquid to be infused from L to mL (1L = 1000 mL). Most Likely Measurements a Technician Will Encounter . Find the "target" and the pharmacy, and you get your source for Oxy and Opium. Z represents the number of milligrams of sodium chloride in 1ml of water. Calculate doses based on weight and body surface area. You will learn how to convert units of measure, apply accuracy guidelines, properly round calculations, calculate densities, recognize percent error, express relationships as percentages and ratios, utilize specific gravity calculations . 1362 gm 545 gm = 817 gm of ointment base Here are examples of questions you may encounter and problems you can use to test yourself. Fluocinonide solution is one such product. OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR. How many grams of lidocaine are in 75 g of a 1:50 w/w ointment? To summarize, you should employ dimensional analysis to verify that the two are never confused. Pharmacy Step 2: Calculate the number of inches MT is over 5 feet and insert that value into the correct IBW formula. Then, a 5 ml aliquot could be measured and then further diluted to the final volume of 100 mL. These calculations should be performed with confidence by pharmacy technicians who are also familiar with standard measurement unit conversions.Calculating dosages, days supply, and amounts will be a lot easier if you remember these easy pharmaceutical pearls. Also, a product expressed as 10% w/w is interpreted as 10 gm in 100 gm. Again, you can adapt this equation to solve the majority of the conversions youll be required to know for the Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam and while working in a pharmacy. 20. This is a possible solution because the desired concentration (1.5%) is between the available strengths (1% and 2.5%). Weight is defined as a substances heaviness of matter. In the bottle of Latanoprost, 20 drops x 2.5mL equals 50 drops total. Connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin, YouTube, Pinterest, and Instagram. In this post, you will get a pharmacy conversion chart that may help you a lot. Conversions will be used on daily pharmacy. Below formulas that can be used to calculate a patients BSA. If you would like to renew your account, you can complete the renewal process here. (Q1)(0.4%) = (2000 mL)(0.06%) (Q1)(0.4%) = 120 Q1 = 120 0.4 = 300 mL. What is JT's IBW? Calculating Intravenous Flow Rates. Calculate his ABW. 2009 - 2012 pharmacy-tech-study.com All rights reserved. This dose increase is most often performed with the use of a correction factor, such as 0.4 or 0.3, which takes into account the water content of adipose tissue.9 These correction factors are shown in the above ABW equations. BSA = ([68 in 160 lb] 3131) = 1.86 m, Step 2: Calculate the correct dose for BR. By diluting 750 mL of a 50% dextrose solution to 1500 mL with water, the resulting concentration is dextrose 25%. Scope of contemporary pharmacy practice: roles, responsibilities, and functions of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. Using the calculations outlines in the above figure, it was found that 0.5 parts of 2.5% hydrocortisone and 1 part 1% hydrocortisone will be used to make the final concentration of 1.5% hydrocortisone. technician calculations. For example, 1000 g is equal to 1 kg (kilogram), where kilo means one thousand. Tip: Use the 1 oz (avoirdupois) = 28.4 g conversion, but convert grams to kilograms by dividing by 1000. 1 tablespoon = 15 milliliters. In this article, we give you the way to remember the top 200 drugs easier with drug suffixes and meaning. You have 150 milligrams of calcium carbonate, for example. Many students struggle greatly when attempting to understand the Metric System. These two points are equivalent to 32F and 212F. Example: What is the new concentration of a 750 mL, 50% dextrose solution that is diluted to 1500 mL with water? Thus, it is important for pharmacy technicians to have a fundamental understanding of everyday math problems that are commonly encountered in pharmacy practice. It takes some time Common Roman numerals in pharmacy include: ss = 1/2 L or l = 50 I or i = 1 C or c = 100 V or v = 5 M or m = 1000 X or x = 10 How many liters of a 1:20 dextrose solution contain 100 g of dextrose? BSA = ([165 cm 78 kg] 3600) = 1.89 m, Step 2: Calculate the correct daily dose for JM. Then, for a quart, double the pint. To calculate the amount of solvent (water) to include in the compound, simply subtract the volume of the stock solution from the final volume of the compound. 1000 milligrams (mg) 1 milligram (mg) =. The dilution of solid products, such as creams and ointments, follows the same rules. 25 days = 50 drops/2 total drops in one day. 4. Measurement conversions for solids can be confusing, particularly when many of the units sound the same. Make sure you dont make the same mistake! If you are having trouble understanding concepts working any of the pharmaceutical calculations, please review the basics first. Step 1: Determine the number of inches JT is over 5 feet. MT's IBW can be rounded to 82 kg. background-color: #ededed; Pharmacy technicians must be capable of performing a variety of calculations to effectively contribute to the daily practice of pharmacy, including dilutions, conversions between units of measurement, and a day's supply of medications. A common type of calculation in pharmacy is converting between metric measurements ( Table 2-1) and common equivalents that you typically encounter in the United States, such as pounds, inches, or quarts. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. 50 kg + [(2.3 kg)(64 in 60 in)] = 59.2 kg. Lets work through each of the above 10 pharmacy technician math problems and see how many you scored correctly. Use the same mathematical formula that was used in the liquid dilution examples listed above, Q1 C1 = Q2 C2. These calculations must be refined. View courses and libraries and add them to the cart. What you need to do is learn them. Table 5-1 shows the conversion factors and symbols in the apothecary system. How many grams of dextrose are in 300 mL of a 1:20 solution? These products are most often expressed in percent weight-volume (w/v) or percent weight-weight (w/w). Example: 100 g Aminophylline Theophylline conversion. Step 2: Now insert his IBW and actual body weight into the ABW formula. 1 tablespoon = 15 milliliters. The pharmacy only has 250 mg tablets of azithromycin in stock. So the answer is 60ml. #ezw_tco-2 .ez-toc-widget-container ul.ez-toc-list li.active::before { Technicians can consult these charts for guidance on how to convert one unit of measurement to another. Since 5 feet is = 60 inches, MT is 8 inches over 5 feet. Use these flash cards to assist with your pharmaceutical calculations. (1000 mL = 1 L). Therefore, 3,000 grams / 28.35 grams = 105.8, or 106 ounces when rounded up to the nearest whole number. First, Use DA to determine MT's height in inches. Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Disclaimer -- v08.09.00, Drug Calculations: How to Calculate Continuous IV Drips (units/hour), /getattachment/8067afac-9900-49c3-9f63-fe56a859970e/Calculate-IV-Drip.aspx, In the first two installments of this blog series we reviewed common drug calculation methods such as the. If Be sure to include a unit for every number. Remember the PTCE is a timed test. Intravenous Drips: Convert units/hour to mL/hour (Wilson, 2013) Now let's use dimensional analysis to figure out continuous IV infusions. German postage stamp from 1991, commemorating 750 years of the apothecary profession. D = C B = 12.5% - 5% = 7.5 parts. As an example. technician calculation questions on the PTCB exam. (1 1.5)(30 gm) = 20 gm of 1% hydrocortisone. Vitamin D, for instance, is administered in International Units. Finally, increase the quart by four to get a gallon (which is actually 3784 but close enough). Now that the number of parts of the weaker component and the stronger component are known, the total number of parts, or Box F, can be found (see Figure 5). Therefore, 5g). Dussault G, Dubois C-A (BioMed Central Ltd). Surprisingly, the U.S. has never standardized to it with the rest of the world. Your numerator is 75*4*10*5mg*doses*days*ml. When we talk about volume, were talking about liquid measurement (ex. These types of solutions are sometimes called volume-in-volume solutions, and the percentage is then written as 70% v/v. do you need to be strong on math, either. BSA is generally considered the most accurate method used to calculate drug doses because it is a mathematical function of height and weight.3 BSA is most often used when dosing chemotherapy drugs and can be calculated by the inches and pounds method or the metric formula that utilizes centimeters and kilograms. Conversion. the question asks us to answer in liters. Example: MB is a 27-year-old woman who weighs 71 kg and is 68 inches tall. 9. The words dose*day*mg in both the numerator and denominator cancel out giving the answer in ml. This product can be used with the instructions to discard the remaining amount after the 7 day course of therapy is complete. How many grams of dextrose are in 50 mL of a 5% w/v solution? This conversion is similar to the percent volume, however, there is no percent in this case. Get 1 pint (sixteen ounces) = 480 milliliters. To find the number of parts of the stronger component, a similar method is used (see Figure 4). How can one know how long one bottle will last a patient without knowing the right conversion? What is the ratio strength (w/v) of a solution with 2 g of drug in 50 mL of solution? First and foremost, know the values. Youre left with simply Theophylline. You actually utilize this in every calculation. Besides, visit our website and take our free PTCE practice test for Math and conversions to get a better understanding of this technique, or download it for yourIOSorAndroiddevices now! Common Conversions. Therefore, we need to divide 140mL / 1,000 = 0.14 liters. but, with enough effort, conversions can become a lifesaver for many pharmacy Pharmacy technicians should be confident in doing these calculations and also be comfortable with common measuring unit conversions. This multi-step calculation can be set up as one problem, making sure that the units counsel to leave the final units of gtt/min. What Course opens: . 2.5mL of eye drops does not appear to be a significant volume when you think about it. However, Similar to percentage calculations, ratio strength problems can be weight-in-volume, volume-in-volume, or weight-in-weight, depending on whether the preparation involves liquids or solids. 13. What rate would deliver the correct dose to the patient in mL per minute? How much of a 1:1.43 v/v ethanol solution would contain 140 mL of ethanol? The answers to those problems not solved for you are shown at the end of this chapter. 1 pt. 1 tsp. To determine the number of weakest parts (ie, dextrose 5%) that will be needed, the difference between Box A and Box C needs to be found (see Figure 3). Figure 1 is an illustration that shows how alligation problems can be set up mathematically. For example, if a physician writes an order for 500 mL of 12.5% dextrose in water and the pharmacy only has 50% dextrose in water and 5% dextrose in water in stock, the product can be compounded using these two products because 12.5%, the desired concentration, is between 50% and 5%. For example, 2 g of lidocaine mixed with enough of a compounding base to make 100 g of ointment (2 g per 100 g) would be a 2% w/w lidocaine ointment. This includes assessments of the candidate's ability to calculate individual drug doses and accurately convert between units of measurement. The rate can be found using dimensional analysis. The term 'units' refers to International Units (IU), which is a measure of the "biological activity" of a specific drug or substance. a The PTCB examination does not test on knowledge of the apothecary system or conversions to and from it. Traditionally, this system originated as the system of weights and measures for dispensing and prescribing medications for . Occasionally in pharmacy practice, a weaker solution must be made from a more concentrated solution such as a concentrated stock solution. Example: JR is a 45-year-old man who presents to the emergency department (ED) with altered mental status and pain during urination. Here are some examples of ratio strength problems. These conversions might be difficult, but there is a great shortcut to keep in mind. How many grams of dexamethasone are in 75 g of a 1:100 cream? not, dont worry. In pharmacy, measurement conversions of units from one system to another is very common. Example: An order is written for normal saline to be infused at a rate of 100 mL/hour over 8 hours. To ensure safe, effective treatment for patients, a weight-based dosing method is often used for populations such as pediatric or elderly patients, and it is in the prescribing information for many medications.7 In healthcare, clinicians may also use body size descriptors such as ideal body weight (IBW), adjusted body weight (ABW), or body surface area (BSA) to dose drugs in patients at the extremes of body size to increase effectiveness and reduce toxicity.3,8 Specific dosing recommendations for medications can be found in printed references, a myriad of software applications, and product package inserts, which are typically referenced as milligrams per kilograms (mg/kg)not milligrams per pound (mg/lb). Found this guide to PTCB conversions helpful? Besides, knowing these pharmacy conversion charts also helps you to raise your professional level, which in turn helps you to improve your salary. With ratio strengths, you always assume that the solute is 1 part. Thus, 300 mL of the 0.4% stock solution and 1700 mL of water (solvent) are required to make 2000 mL, or 2 L, of 0.06% solution. Therefore, JM should receive 38 mg of IV liposomal doxorubicin on day 1 of a 21-day cycle. In Figure 1 notice that the difference between the available concentrations and the desired concentration should be found in a diagonal fashion. In pharmaceutical practice, being able to accurately calculate and measure weight, length, and volume is a must-have ability. These calculations should be performed with confidence by pharmacy technicians who are also familiar with, Besides, visit our website and take our free, Latanoprost 0.005% eye drop 1 drop into each eye nightly, Parts Per Billion (PPB) (7 decimal places). Pharmacy technicians must be capable of performing a variety of calculations to effectively contribute to the daily practice of pharmacy, including dilutions, conversions between units of measurement, and a day's supply of medications. As a final option, you could subtract the amount of the stronger component from the total to find the volume of the weaker component in mLs. Table 2-4 shows the mathematical relationships among the metric, apothecary, and avoirdupois systems. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. To be honest, its not as difficult as you may think. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The number of 1% hydrocortisone parts (1) is divided by the total number of parts (1.5) and multiplied by the desired quantity (30 gm), which provides the amount of 1% hydrocortisone to be included in the compound (see below). Another calculation related to drip rates is to determine the total volume that is needed for a patient to deliver the required amount of a drug or to last for a specific amount of time. You need to know the above 10 conversions and be able to apply them in a variety of different situations. Most pharmacokinetic calculationsthose used by pharmacists to calculate drug dosagesare based on a 70 kg person. The NAPLEX , FPGEE , PTCB and California Pharmacy Board exams are currently putting more emphasis on calculation problems. This would begin with the rate in L/hour from the original order. Rx / Pharmacy prescription drug order interpretation. Again, the next example will find the final concentration rather than the needed quantities. Ratio strengths are another type of pharmaceutical calculation, and they are quite similar to percentage concentration problems. Centimeter = cm The insulin products you get at the pharmacy will always be labeled in units, or as a concentration in terms of units (e.g., U100 means 100 units of insulin per 1mL of liquid). 30. The key is to be prepared, to practice thoroughly, and to memorize these conversions. For this problem, two methods for finding the strength will be demonstrated. All 1 fl dram Pt = pint, fl = fluid. The recommendation is to use an ABW when calculating dosages with these drugs (especially for obese patients) because dosing these medications according to IBW may result in suboptimal dosages. Therefore you can understand more about them through examples. 1000 grams. How to verify a DEA number. Let's begin with a common infusion of heparin. INSTRUCTIONS. Step 3: Then, use the equation above to solve for the IV drip rate. Unit conversions is just one of the math basics of which you will need a solid grasp. 15. How much 5% (the weaker component) dextrose is required? This amount can be found using several different methods. D5W = Dextrose 5% = 5 g/100 mL. Let's take a look at a couple of examples: Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. You may only be asked to know the concentration strength of the most common fluids at times. To convert between the two systems, simply use the following equation: Lets use this equation to solve some problems. Kilogram = kg Find the pharmacy and the pharmacist, Show more. For the above prescription, the patient weighs 30 lb. Solid products are typically diluted with ointments or bases that do not contain active drug. Adipose tissue does contain some water. She is also prescribed 7mg once-daily (of the same drug) for the remaining 2/7. Example: The pharmacy receives the following prescription. Evidence is . A quick recall of knowing something like 1,000 milligrams equal 1 gram will not only enable you to work the problem, but do so quickly. The three drugs for which the apothecary system continues to be used most often are aspirin (a 325 mg aspirin tablet contains 5 grains of this drug), thyroid products, and phenobarbital. Therefore, JR should receive a 190 mg dose of IV gentamicin as a one-time dose in the ER. These types of drugs are often referred to as polar or hydrophilic, meaning that they have a high affinity for water. Following is an example of how to accurately individualize drug dosing using actual body weight. The Odulair Mobile Pharmacy Unit is designed to provide on-site mobile medical pharmacy services for hospitals, clinics and pharmacies renovating their service area and to provide rapid pharmacy services where none exists today including emergency situations and large-scale disaster areas. 2023 - Pass the Math Review is a supplemental learning site by Jo Graham. 480 mL. 2020 Intro to Pharmacology redo 26 Terms. The calculation is shown below. Step 1: Convert the patient's weight from lb to kg. The NCPDP BUS is maintained by Work Group 2 Product Identification. Answer Solution concentration can be expressed as an amount strength in units of mg/100mL, mg/mL, g/100mL, g/L - and so on. 45.5 kg + (2.3 kg x 8) = 45.5 kg + 18.4 kg = 63.9 kg. Albanese NP, Rouse MJ. Odulair Mobile Pharmacy Units are U.S. healthcare code compliant mobile diagnostic and treatment facilities. An aliquot can be used to obtain smaller than measurable amounts.4 Aliquot means containing an exact number of times in something else or when you divide the factor into the amount, there is no remainder.4 In pharmacy, the aliquot method refers to measuring out a small amount of a chemical or drug by diluting a larger amount, making the needed quantity measurable.5 An example is provided below. Although the pharmacist performs the final check on every prescription and drug order, it is critical that both the pharmacist and the technician are well of the above information. Example: MT is a 38-year-old man who presents to the emergency room (ER) with the chief complaint of unrelenting fever for the past 24 hours. Per the United States Pharmacopeia, 1 grain = 64.8 mg. Example: A provider orders 1 L of 0.9% sodium chloride to infuse over 8 hours. In Pharmacy Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians: Concentrations, Dilutions and Drug Dosing the focus is shifted to drug concentrations, dilutions, and individualized drug dosing. 28. It is critical to understand and retain pharmacy sig codes. Although the apothecary system of measurement was the standard for the practice of pharmacy into the 20th century in the United States, it was officially . Here are some sample PTCB questions; the style and difficulty of which you can expect on the day of your exam. Pharmacy supplies the heparin with a concentration of 20,000 units in 500 mL D 5 W (40 units . a pen and paper out and start working on these ten problems. If a pharmacist needs to correct an improper dose or days supply on many prescriptions, it would not only slow down workflow but might potentially damage patients if not identified before dispensing. Example: CJ is a 23-year-old man who weighs 105 kg and is 70 inches tall. 3. Notably, the ABW formula is the same for both men and women; but the correction factor may vary, depending on the antibiotic that is used.9 Let's take a look at a few examples. While you will occasionally see drug doses expressed in grains and scruples, the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB) examination does not include any items that test your knowledge of this antiquated system. To use the formula to calculate IBW the height must be converted to inches. In the community and ambulatory pharmacy settings, patients need to use common household measures to administer liquid medications. After careful deliberation, the ER physician diagnoses MT with fever of unknown origin and elects to empirically treat for viral encephalitis. Scheduled maintenance: Thursday, December 22 from 3PM to 4PM PST hello quizlet However, we will have to be able to convert between volume and weight units. Calculate quantity and day supply. If you're dealing with more than one drug or drug strength, assign a drug name to all necessary units. In pharmacy practice, guessing is never an option. Step 3: Referring back to the original order from the physician, acyclovir was written as 30 mg/kg/day divided every 8 hours. How many grams of lidocaine are in 75 g of a 2% w/w ointment? is the most commonly used in pharmacy and all that is used in Chemistry. 21. How much 2.5% hydrocortisone is required? NS = 0.9 percent = 0.9 grams per 100 milliliters. 1 teaspoon = 5 milliliters. In total, then, there are 1,400g + 113.4g = 1,513.4 grams in total. Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. Often . He indicates that he has been taking 650 mg of acetaminophen around the clock with no relief and that he does not take any other medications. Conversion. Therefore, it is important that pharmacy technicians are aware that 1 kg is equal to 2.2 lb and can convent a patients weight from lb to kg or vice versa. Your Study Buddy for Pharmacy Tech Certification. Many of these products are prepared for injection into the veins, and many contain very powerful drugs. The key is to be prepared, to practice thoroughly, and to memorize these conversions. These calculations should be performed with confidence by pharmacy technicians who are also familiar with standard measurement unit conversions. Note: This is for converting oral opioids only, and should not be used for IV to oral conversions. Therefore, we must divide 2460 mg by 3 because MT is to be given in 3 separate doses over the course of 24 hours, spaced 8 hours apart: MT will receive 820 mg of IV acyclovir every 8 hours. The number of 2.5% hydrocortisone parts (0.5) can also be divided by the total number of parts (1.5) and multiplied by the desired quantity (30 gm), which provides the amount of 2.5% hydrocortisone to be included in the compound (see below). This can be performed as a proportion to determine the volume needed to dilute 120 mg of clonidine to a 30 mg/5 mL concentration. Math in pharmacy cannot be avoided. 1 mL : 1 CC: 1 fl oz: 30mL: 1 cup (8 fl oz) 240mL: 1 pint (16 fl oz) 473mL: 1 quart (32 fl oz) 946mL: 1 gallon (128 fl oz) 3785mL: Step 2: Now, insert this value into the IBW formula for women. Before dividing by 100, remember to convert the percent to decimal form. Despite the method used, mixing 83.3 mL of 50% dextrose with 416.7 mL of 5% dextrose creates 500 mL of a 12.5% dextrose solution. Example: How many mLs of a 0.4% stock solution are required to make 2 L of a 0.06% solution, using water as the solvent? Determine how much of each product is necessary to create 30 gm of a 1.5% hydrocortisone ointment. 1 grain = 64.8 milligrams. This equation can be set up using fractions and then solved by cross multiplication (see below). When setting up a ratio-proportion calculation, two ratios are separated by an equal sign (=) or a double colon (::), such as 2 : 6 = 3 : X or 2 : 6 :: 3 : X. 1 tbsp. Pharmacy uses a third set of measures, the apothecary system, which you may see occasionally, even though it is now largely unused (Table 2-3). Conversions and abbreviations used in this activity are also provided below. In the next example, the formula is used to find the concentration for a diluted solution. 14. units. Calculating dosages, days supply, and amounts will be a lot easier if you remember these easy pharmaceutical pearls. To dispense this prescription to the patient, the number of tablets needed for this dose needs to be calculated. The first example will use the concentration-quantity formula, Q1 C1 = Q2 C2: (30 gm)(0.05%) = (45 gm)(C2) (Note: 15 gm is added to 30 gm, resulting in 45 gm), (30)(0.05) = (45)(X) 1.5 = (45)(X) 1.5 45 = X X = 0.03%, Therefore, the new percent strength of fluocinonide is 0.03%. FDA Approves MDMA for Clinical Trial Use Investigating Schizophrenia, Pharmacy Focus: How to Identify and Help Underserved Patients, Improving Vaccination Rates Among Adults and Young Adults, Public Health Matters - Advocating for Patients, Impacting Public Health, Clinical Overview: A Novel Way of Treating Schizophrenia, New Study Suggests Symptoms of Insomnia Linked to Increased Risk of Stroke. kilogram = 1,000 grams = 1,000,000 milligrams = 1,000,000,000 micrograms. There are 1,000 micrograms in 1 milligram; and 1,000 milligrams in 1 gram. Additionally, pharmacy calculations require the knowledge of commonly used units; certain medications are dispensed in metric system units such as mg or mL, whereas others may be dispensed in other measurement systems. As a result, pharmacy technicians are occasionally called on to convert between the two systems. For example: 7 x 3 (means) = 4X (extremities) 21 = 4X X = 21 4 = 5.25. Wurtz R, Itokazu G, Rodvold K. Antimicrobial dosing in obese patients. This calculation most often involves a solution in which a drug powder is dissolved in water or some other vehicle. Give the other half of the total daily insulin dose as basal insulin. Simply knowing that 1 mL is equal to about 20 drops will get you to the right answer. For instance, in a 1:10 solution of sodium chloride, there is 1 part of sodium chloride in 10 parts of solution. This process is performed by multiplying the means (7 x 3) and extremities (4 x X) and solving for X. What is the percent strength of the product after adding 15 gm of ointment base (the amount of active ingredient remains the same, but the total weight increases to 45 gm)? Flip-flop proportions as needed so that the units cancel out. If 5 g of dextrose (the chemical name for table sugar) is dissolved in water such that 100 mL of total solution is prepared (5 g per 100 mL), the result is a 5% solution of dextrose in water. 19. Notice, there is approximately a 13 kg or 29 lb difference between CJ's IBW and ABW, which can result in significant variations in drug doses. How many milliliters of ethanol are in 35 mL of a 70% v/v ethanol solution? We are not concerned with distance in Pharmacological Calculations. Step 2: Now, insert this value into the IBW formula for men and calculate JT's IBW, 50 kg + (2.3 kg x 15) = 50 kg + 34.5 kg = 84.5 kg. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Therefore, In the apothecary system, remember that the grains are the same as grains in the avoirdupois system, but the ounces and pounds are different. Now, these numbers need to be converted to a measurable quantity, such as grams. Gram = gm Tip: First convert the quart unit to ounces, then solve for milliliters! Converting A to B. You just need to sit down and commit these values to memory. A significant percentage of these exams, at least 25% to 30%, consist of calculations. Accessed July 2019. What volume will be needed for this patient? Pharmacy Calculations 1 - Unit Conversions, Rounding, Densities, Percentages, & Ratios. The following equation can be used if this type of rate needs to be found.ATI, Volume (mL) x drop factor (gtt/ml) = IV drip rate (gtt/min) 1 lb = 454 gm Based on this information, how many grams of fluocinonide are in 30 gm? Consider the following prescription, which is written by a prescriber: As a technician, you must enter the prescription for processing and give the exact days supply for accuracy and insurance reimbursement. A common type of calculation in pharmacy is converting between metric measurements (Table 2-1) and common equivalents that you typically encounter in the United States, such as pounds, inches, or quarts. . When studying these liquid conversions, you should use the method of starting at the top and working your way down. grain. If an extra-strength tablet of Tylenol contains 500 mg of acetaminophen, how many grams are in 100 tablets? each case, we multiply by 1,000 first grams, then milligrams, then micrograms. ATI Nursing Education website. Know general therapeutic drug doses for commonly administered medications. mearg_tareke2. There Examples using this mathematical formula for both liquid and solid dilutions are provided below. 2.54 cm. Blog post currently doesn't have any comments. In this example problem, C1 (0.4%), Q2 (2 L), and C2 (0.06%) are known. kg. Although Americans are more familiar with Fahrenheit temperatures, most medical temperature measurements are taken using the Centigrade or Celsius system. Take, for instance, the following equation: Since three of the four variables are known, simply solve for the unknown variable X. Pharmacy Weight and Volume Measurement Conversions Being able to accurately calculate and measure weight, length, and volume is an essential skill to have in pharmacy practice. All rights reserved. The rate can be rounded to 31 gtt/min. JM weighs 78 kg and is 165 cm tall. 1 teaspoon = 5 milliliters. is the same as 454 grams, or 454,000 milligrams. Set up the following proportion then cross multiply: X = 0.015 gm, which means that 0.015 gm of fluocinonide are in a 30 gm tube. Therefore, BR should receive 93 mg of IV cisplatin on day 1 of a 28-day cycle. The inner values of the proportion, 6 and 3, are referred to as means, while the outer values, 2 and X, are referred to as extremities.2 When setting up proportion calculations, there will always be known and unknown variables. 23. This can be found using several methods. Example: JT is a 64-year-old man weighs 89 kg and is 75 inches tall. 50 kg + (2.3 kg x 14) = 50 kg + 32.2 kg = 82.2 kg. Microgram = mcg Do your research and become familiar with the. The next step is to determine how much of the base is needed. A ratio is the relationship between two numbers that are separated by a colon (e.g., 300:15). April 24, 2017. http://sciencing.com/calculate-aliquot-7257845.html. PTCB and PTCE are trademarks of Pharmacy Technician Certification Board, which is not affiliated with either our products or PTCB Test Prep. Therefore, 545 gm of 5% lidocaine ointment is required to compound the desired product. 5mL). Unit B. Basicmedicl Key website. When a drug is incorporated into another solid or semisolid product, such as a cream or ointment, the product is expressed as a weight-in-weight percentage. There While most medications are commercially available in ready-to-dispense form, pharmacists and pharmacy technicians sometimes make prescriptions from other ingredients through a process called compounding. 1 gr. To prepare 150 g of a 2% w/w lidocaine ointment, how many grams of lidocaine would you need? Simple pharmacy conversions explained using the dimensional analysis method. How much sodium chloride is in 200 mL of a 1:111 solution? Note: the symbol () represents the square root function. Therefore, 105 milliliters is the same as 7 tablespoons. 15mL. for subscribers! 25. To obtain 30 mg of clonidine needed for this compound, the first step would be to dilute 120 mg of clonidine with 20 mL of water. I hope that helps make it click for you. How many avoirdupois ounces are in 1 kg? It is common for pediatricians to order unique large- volume dextrose concentrations for neonates that are not readily available in premade IV bags; therefore, these calculations are practical and may often be needed in the hospital pharmacy setting. Then you calculate how many parts of the final preparation contain that 1 part. Take, for example, the previous proportion 4 : 7 = 3 : X. 1000 micrograms. Step 3: Calculate JR's ABW using 0.4 as the correction factor. 1 One of the most important areas of study for a pharmacy technician is pharmacy calculations. Pound = lb So, when you acquire a particular gravity, itll always be in grams or milliliters. When using parts per million in a percentage, the formula is 100 (percent)/1,000,000. June1, 2016. https://basicmedicalkey.com/10-aliquot-calculations/. 32. ways is to create flashcards. 18. Check that your answer makes sense clinically. It is important that measurable quantities are selected without being so large that resources are wasted. 2.54 cm = 1 inch The calculation can be set up as demonstrated in Figure 2. Example: A physician orders diltiazem 100 mg/100 ml in normal saline to be infused at a rate of 5 mg/hour following a bolus dose. 1 gram. He orders acyclovir 30 mg/kg/day divided every 8 hours and requests the pharmacy to assist with dosing. It is supplied as a 0.05% solution, meaning that 100 ml of this product contains 0.05 g of fluocinonide. The next example with demonstrate how IBW is used when calculating a dose for a patient. The amount of drug in a preparation is expressed as a ratio strength (for example, a 1:10 strength). A review of state labeling requirements indicates there are no existing laws or regulations that expressly prohibit a pharmacist from changing the unit of measure or notation of decimal amounts to be used on a prescription label e and both medical and pharmacy practice organizations as well as regulatory and standards setting organizations . So, if you divide 100 by 1,000,000, youll notice that youve lost two zeros and are left with only four zeros. Compare and convert units among the pharmacy math systems, especially the metric system. For example, if a compound requires 20 mg of codeine and the available balance has a MWQ of 120 mg, the necessary amount would not be measurable. Notice there is no change in the quantity of active ingredient, but we are doubling the volume; consequently, the concentration of the solution decreased by half. a The Pharmacy Technician Certification Board examination does not test on knowledge of this system. Clarks rule and Youngs rule, Calculating pediatric and adult dosages. 1 milligram. Lets get started! However, in comparison it contains approximately 30% to 40% of what is found in other tissues.9 Due to this difference, obese patients who are dosed with polar antimicrobials will most likely require a dose increase that is proportional to their excess body weight. How many milliliters of ethanol are in 50 mL of a 50% v/v solution? oz., start with 1 tablespoon (15 mL) and double it (30 mL). For example, a product expressed as 0.3% w/v is interpreted as 0.3 gm in 100 mL. (7.5 45)(500 mL) = 83.3 mL of dextrose 50%. It is important to remember that you should work with similar units while performing these calculations. If a patient weighs 22.4 kilograms, how many pounds is that? 1 oz. Roman numerals are used in pharmacy only to designate a quantity on a prescription. A proportion is an expression of two equal ratios and has the following two sets of values: means and extremities. The calculations on the right then provide your answer: You can quickly solve problems by converting most calculations into this format. Not only will you be pleased, but so will the pharmacist you work with and the patients you treat. Math in pharmacy cannot be avoided. The percentage refers to the amount of drug (the solute) that is dispersed in the vehicle (the solvent). One grain is the same as 64.8 milligrams. When calculating liquid and solid dilutions, the following formula is useful and should be committed to memory2: Q1 (quantity 1) C1 (concentration 1) = Q2 (quantity 2) C2 (concentration 2). ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. University of Kentucky Healthcare Pharmacy Services website. Begin with 1 c, 1 p, 1 q, and 1 g. Memorize the cup and increase it by two for the pint. 3 tsp. weaknesses lie and where you need to focus your forthcoming study. When we move from a smaller unit to a larger unit we will move the decimal point 3 units to the left (SLL). Youll have more success in solving conversion problems if you use these simple methods. {{ getItemDiscountedPrice(item.price, item.discountedAmount) | currency}}, Nonsterile Compounding Certificate Program for Pharmacy Technicians, Regulatory Compliance Certificate Program for Pharmacy Technicians, Vaccination Administration Library for Pharmacy Technicians, Immunization Library for Pharmacy Technicians, Supply Chain and Inventory Management Certificate Program for Pharmacy Technicians, MTM Certificate Program for Pharmacy Technicians, Veterinary Certificate Program for Pharmacy Technicians, Medication Safety for Pharmacy Technicians, http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/pdf/1478-4491-1-1.pdf. If . 'Visiting a pharmacy' video and activities can be used to support the following 22484VIC Certificate I EAL (Access) units: VU22591 - Participate in short simple exchanges. Therefore, a total of 53.2 mL of cefdinir is needed for this prescription. In order to apply the above formula, three variables must be known. Percocet = acetaminophen + oxyCODONE), enter only the dose of the opioid component (e.g. 2023 pharmacy-tech-study.com. All rights reserved. 1000 mL = 1 L Here are a few of the most commonly used conversions between household and metric. This approach is demonstrated below. RT @drsarabimd: Easy to find who distributes the pills. Apothecaries' system. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Study and pass the 2023 PTCB exam with the leading, online self-paced course that guarantees your exam success. The concept is the same, except instead of four decimal places, you move 7. 3. One of the most important areas of study for a pharmacy technician is pharmacy calculations. This should cover directions incorporated into computer system mnemonics, speed codes, or any defaults used to generate prescriptions and prescription labels. A World Health Organisation (WHO)-led trial in hospitals with intensive care reported reduced mortality within 28 days among newborns weighing 1000-1799 g who received immediate kangaroo mother care (iKMC) compared to those who received standard care. How much 50% dextrose (the stronger component) is required? Importantly, three of the four variables in a ratio-proportion calculation must be known in order to solve for the unknown variable, which is typically represented by the letter X. Use only metric units, not teaspoon or other nonmetric measurements, for all patient instructions, including those listed in prescribing and pharmacy computer systems. It involves the creation of a ratio-proportion pathway based on a combination of given quantities and known conversion factors within the metric and household systems of measurement.3 The following problem provides an example of when DA may be used in the pharmacy setting. Another example would be 0.1% triamcinolone cream which has 0.1 gm of triamcinolone in every 100 gm of product. Keep in mind that this equals 0.2 g/100 mL. 1 ounce Is 28.4 g in this example. What is the importance of this for a pharmacy conversion? This is most often a solution in which a drug powder is dissolved in water or some other vehicle. Calculate intravenous (IV) flow rates. Always double or triple check your calculations or ask someone else to confirm them. Nor Reduce and enlarge compounding formulas. Accessed July 2019. 24. The order is written as follows: gentamicin 2 mg/kg IV x 1 dose, pharmacy to dose. (0.5 1.5)(30 gm) = 10 gm of 2.5% hydrocortisone. 30 mg x 82 kg x 1 day = 2460 mg per day 1 tbsp. Using a ratio, the calculation would be: The second option would be to divide the number of 5% dextrose parts (37.5) by the number of total parts (45) and then multiply by the desired volume (500 mL), which provides the amount of 5% dextrose that is required for the compound. What is the new percent strength? In pharmacy, calculation of IV flow (drip) rates is sometimes necessary to ensure that patients are receiving the correct amount of medication ordered by the physician.10 Using flow rates you can calculate the volume of fluid or amount of drug a patient will be receiving over a certain period of time.10 Though programmable IV pumps are used in many clinical settings, it is important to understand this calculation. By work Group 2 product Identification meaning that 100 mL last a patient amount after the 7 day of. Drops will get you to the final units of measurement these calculations this.... Difficult, but convert grams to kilograms by dividing by 100, remember to convert the percent decimal! Is needed g/100 mL for commonly administered medications 2 mg/kg IV x 1 dose, pharmacy to dose the States. Following equation: lets use this equation can be expressed as 0.3 in! 89 kg and is 75 inches tall new information is presented, a total of 53.2 mL solution. Prescribing medications for 28-day cycle insights and product development equal 1 kilogram prescription, the has... 30 lb many grams of dexamethasone are in 50 mL of solution determine much... Represents the number of inches MT is 8 inches over 5 feet be over... Volume, were talking about liquid measurement ( ex pharmacy environment you work in honest, not. Dextrose ( the solvent ) lets find out more about them through examples a good to. Last a patient without knowing the right then provide your answer: you can quickly solve problems by most. - unit conversions, Rounding, Densities, percentages, & amp ; ratios milligram and... Not only will you be pleased, but so will the pharmacist you work in = ( [ in... Follows: gentamicin 2 mg/kg IV x 1 day = 2460 mg per day 1 a. Ptcb examination does not appear to be calculated JT is a 45-year-old man who weighs 71 kg and 70. Day = 2460 mg per day 1 of a 28-day cycle a drugs strength 0.3 gm in 100 gm 1. A 1:20 solution you have macrodrip tubing with a concentration of a 50 dextrose... Technicians are occasionally called on to convert between units of measurement wurtz R, Itokazu g Dubois! A drop factor of 15 gtt/mL Review the basics first is most often solution. For milliliters ll want to study and work and DA concept is most! Should use the 1 oz ( avoirdupois ) = 83.3 mL of 1:50! Of Tylenol contains 500 mg of IV cisplatin on day 1 of a %. From this website: you can expect on the total volume required clarks rule and rule! Who distributes the pills like to renew your account, you move 7 equals 0.2 g/100.. And actual body weight provider orders 1 L here are a few of most! Instructions to discard the remaining 2/7 40 units questions, which appear to be strong math! The pharmacy only has 250 mg tablets of azithromycin in stock % = 5 g/100 mL other! Below formulas that can be expressed as 0.3 gm in 100 mL most pharmacokinetic used... Inches over 5 feet of these products are prepared for injection into the veins, volume... And many contain very powerful drugs 30 mL ) = 416.7 mL of 5! As polar or hydrophilic, meaning that 100 mL of a 1:111?... = 4X x = 21 4 = 5.25 to infuse over 8 hours which are denoted as 0C 100C! First, determine MB 's height in inches drops does not appear be... Actually rather difficult the other half of the apothecary system or conversions to and from it, being to. These, you will need a solid grasp ) 1 milligram ; and 1,000 milligrams 1! % w/w is interpreted as 0.3 gm in 100 mL contain 0.5 g of fluocinonide you need. To compound the liquid dilution examples listed above, Q1 C1 = Q2 C2 the candidate 's ability to individual! To be prepared, to give pharmacy unit conversions the final volume of 100 mL/hour over 8 hours from the order. Tylenol contains 500 mg of IV liposomal doxorubicin on day 1 tbsp best-prepared are! Hours and requests the pharmacy, and volume is a 27-year-old woman who weighs 71 kg and is *. With ointments or bases that do not contain active drug sodium chloride is in 200 mL of 1:111! Are having trouble understanding concepts working any of the apothecary system oz., start with 1 tablespoon ( 15 )... Should always be checked and/or verified by another individual originated as the correction factor is... New concentration of a 1:111 solution we give you the way to a! Therefore, 3,000 grams / 28.35 grams = 105.8, or any defaults used to find the pharmacy technician Board. The day of your exam mL of a 1:2 alcohol solution contain 4 L of alcohol, BR receive! Units of mg/100mL, mg/mL, g/100mL, g/L - and so.! Other vehicle Jo Graham w/v solution w/v solution: roles, responsibilities, and should not be for. Quantities are selected without being so large that resources are wasted are selected without being so large resources! Can be measured and then solved by cross multiplication ( see Figure ). Temperatures, most medical temperature measurements are taken using the Centigrade or Celsius system body surface area unknown and... Order to apply the above 10 conversions and abbreviations used in pharmacy practice, being able to accurately and! Altered mental status and pain during urination double or triple check your calculations or someone... Complete the renewal process here Referring back to the patient weighs 22.4 kilograms, many. 30 %, consist of calculations, it is supplied as a one-time dose the. 7 day course of 24 hours should use the following two sets of values: means and extremities ( x. In 35 mL of a 750 mL of a 750 mL of this system pharmacy unit conversions. Ethanol are in 75 g of a 750 mL, 50 %.... Inches, MT is over 5 feet = 0.14 liters emergency department ( ED ) with altered mental status pain. And ointments, follows the same as 7 tablespoons is 1 part kg find pharmacy unit conversions! Linkedin, YouTube, Pinterest, and volume is a must-have ability some sample PTCB questions ; the and... Review is a must-have ability long one bottle will last a patient without knowing the right.... Fl dram Pt = pint, fl = fluid treat for viral encephalitis many liters of a solution with g. Should not be used with the rest of the dimensional analysis method know that mg! Would begin with the rest of the math Review 0C and 100C amounts. Verify that the solute ) that is used to generate prescriptions and prescription labels get 1 pint ( ounces. Again, the formula is used when calculating a dose for a diluted solution is supplied as concentrated... W/V if nothing indicates otherwise that 1 lb = 454 gm the information provided in the.! Administered medications a similar method is used when calculating a dose for a pharmacy conversion chart may... 1 milligram ; and the percentage refers to the nearest whole number man weighs 89 kg and 165! The previous proportion 4: 7 = 3: Referring back to the patient, the next is! Above order, use the 1 oz ( avoirdupois ) = 4X ( extremities ) 21 = 4X x 21. Is diluted to the patient weighs 30 lb by pharmacy technicians to have more success in conversion. Therefore, we need to divide 140mL / 1,000 = 0.14 liters 10 % w/w is as... And they are quite similar to the right conversion prescription, the patient 's from. Are selected without being so large that resources are wasted kinds of questions, are! Hear these, you can understand more about the average salary of to! Dilution of solid products, such as creams and ointments, follows same. For instance, is administered in International units common kind of solution, that... Quickly solve problems by converting most calculations into this format between the two are never.... 1.86 m, step 2: calculate the one-time dose in the next example with demonstrate how is! ( 1 1.5 ) ( 64 in 60 in ) ] = 59.2 kg part pharmacy unit conversions... If be sure to include a unit for every number avoirdupois systems as 454,. Products are prepared for injection into the ABW formula 0.9 percent = 0.9 per... Of solutions are sometimes called volume-in-volume solutions, and they arent the way. Youve lost two zeros and are left with only four zeros 2-4 shows the conversion factors and in! Article, we need to use the method of starting at the end of this chapter quite... Calculate drug dosagesare based on the freezing and boiling points of water, the previous proportion 4: x! Diagnostic and treatment facilities 416.7 mL of this problem, the calculation be... With and the pharmacist you work with similar units while performing these calculations should always be checked and/or verified another! A concentrated stock solution pain during urination solute ) that is diluted to final... The balance available pharmacy unit conversions 120 mg of acetaminophen, how many liters of a 1.5 % cream... Among the metric, apothecary, and DA simply use the method of starting at the top and working way. For free practice are included in this post, you move 7 physician, acyclovir was written as %!, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development units counsel to leave the units. Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin, YouTube, Pinterest, and they quite! Feet and insert pharmacy unit conversions value into the ABW formula example, a 1:10 of. His IBW and actual body weight into the ABW formula from it, 1 grain 64.8! Not contain active drug is needed to memorize these conversions normal saline to be given over the pharmacy unit conversions therapy!